1) White sandalwood is an evergreen tree. The oil from the wood and the wood are used as medicine. Don’t confuse white sandalwood with red sandalwood.
People use white sandalwood for the common cold, bronchitis, vaginalinfections, bladder infections, and many other conditions, but there is no good scientific evidence to support these uses.In food and beverages, white sandalwood is used as flavouring.In manufacturing, white sandalwood oil is used as a fragrance in soaps, cosmetics, and perfumes.
2) White sandalwood is a small tropical tree and the traditional source of sandalwood oil. It is native to southern India and Southeast Asia. Producing commercially valuable sandalwood with high levels of fragrance oils requires Indian sandalwood trees to be a minimum of 8-10 years old – the yield, quality and volume are still to be clearly understood. Yield of oil tends to vary depending on the age and location of the tree; usually, the older trees yield the highest oil content and quality.
3) The economic value of Santalum album L. arises from the oil present in heartwood of older age classes. However the value of the tree in terms of heartwood and oil content when grown outside its natural distribution range is not well known. Six girth classes of sandalwood trees were selected to estimate heartwood percent and oil yield for all the four locations viz. Assam (Diphu) and Karnataka. Core samples were taken at the level of breast height (1.76 m) using Haglof increment borer and oil content was estimated by simple hexane extract method. From the current study it was observed that the sample trees from all the locations showed heartwood initiation at the girth class 41-50 cm. More than 50% heartwood was noticed in the girth class of trees 51-60 cm and 70% heartwood in the girth class 71-80 cm and the oil content of these trees were around 1.5 to 3.0 %. Maximum oil content of 4% was noticed in the trees of girth class 91-100 cm. The rate of heartwood formation, trend of increase in heartwood and oil content percent from the Assam populations showed more or less similar pattern to the populations found in Karnataka. Key words: Assam, Heartwood, Karnataka, Oil content, Santalum album Journal of Bio resources.
4) Indian Sandalwood grows well under the rainfall conditions of 500-2000 mm and at the elevations of 600-1200 m. It can also grow beyond these ranges, but under high rainfall conditions the growth is rapid yet with heartwood formation being slow. Sandalwood is an evergreen tree which can grow upto a height of 20-25 meters and attain a girth of 1.5 to 2.5 81 C. Sandeep et al., 2016 Heartwood and oil content of Santalum album meters. It starts flowering two times in a year during March-April and September-October with seed production being good in September-October season. Certain trees flower once in a year and some twice in a year and the quantity of seed production from a tree may also vary from season to season. Distribution of East Indian sandalwood extends from 30o N to 40o S from Indonesia in the east to Juan Fernandez Islands (Chile) in the west and from Hawaiian Archipelago in the north to New Zealand to the south. Sandalwood although requires 82 good drainage and does not stand water logged ground, but the best growth of tree is on rich fairly moist soil as garden loam and well drained deep alluvia. um on the river banks.
Generally, the Apple beer plant gives more fruit yield. A yield of Apple beer can be expected about one quintal of fruit in one apple plant. Therefore, this is the best yield for the farmer for income. The average yield of Apple beer during the prime bearing period (10-20 years) ranges from 80 to 150 to 200 kg /tree (Expect a low yield of beer fruits during the first year). In dry areas, under rained conditions, 50 to 80 kg fruits/tree can be obtained. Trees remain productive for 25 to 30 years.
Note: The yield of apple beer depends on many factors such as soil fertility, climatic conditions, and cultivation practices. That’s all folks about cultivation income of apple beer and the project report of apple beer farming. Good luck and keep farming!.
Apple beer cultivation income in 1-acre plantation in the market, Apple beer fruit cost will be approximately Rs. 40/- to 80/- per Kg. In one acre land, the number of Apple Beer plants accommodated is 190 to 200 with 15 feet distance. For example, if there are 200 plants in one Acre and Apple beer tree gives 150 kg fruits from a single tree (on average). We have 200 Plant and assume we get only 150 kg from the tree then we will get a total of 30 tonnes fruits from 1 acre. Generally, Apple beer fruit is sold Rs. 40 to 80 in the retail market but the farmer gets Rs. 15/- to 20/- in his hands. Suppose we sold at only 15 rupees per kg (According to demand for Apple beer in the market this is the lowest rate). Total Net Profit in apple beer cultivation is 35,000 kg x Rs. 15/- The total income from 1 acre of apple beer cultivation is Rs. 5,25, 000/- Total Expenditure Rs. (Maximum): 65,000/- The total profit an apple beer farmer can expect from the 1-acre cultivation is about Rs. 4,60,000/- Farmers can earn up to Rs 5 lakh per annum from over 200 beer trees. The plant starts bearing fruits in 9 months and gives around two quintals of the fruit a year. Each plant will earn about Rs. 2250/- per year. The above-mentioned calculations are just for your reference and they keep changing by the time, region, and other factors.
Generally, the Plum (Apple) plant gives more fruit yield. A yield of plum (apple) can be expected about one quintal of fruit in one plant. Therefore, this is the best yield for the farmer for income.
The average yield of plum (apple) during the prime bearing period (10-20 years) ranges from 80 to 150 to 200 kg /tree (Expect a low yield of plum fruits during the first year). In dry areas, under rain field conditions, 50 to 80 kg fruits/tree can be obtained. Trees remain productive for 25 to 30 years.
Note: The yield of plum (apple) depends on many factors such as soil fertility, climatic conditions, and cultivation practices. That’s all folks about cultivation income of plum (apple) and the project report of plum (apple) farming. Good luck and keep farming.
1) Red Sandalwood is a small tree that grows to 5-8 meters in height and has a dark greyish bark. The timber is highly demanded domestically and internationally, and particularly in East Asia: countries.
2) Generally, Red Sandalwood timber is mainly user for carvings, furniture, poles and house posts. The rare ‘wavy’ grain variants highly valued in Japan for its acoustic properties and is mostly used to make musical instruments. Ln addition, the timber is also exploited for the extraction of Santa line (a red pigment used as dye and colorant in food), medicine and cosmetics.
3) Red Sandalwood is a tree and the wood at the centre of the trunk (heartwood) is used as medicine. The uses of Red Sandalwood is mainly for treating digestive tract problems, fluid retention, and coughs and for “blood purification”. Indians have been long deprived of this precious cash crop known as ‘Red Sandalwood’. This wild tree yields corers of rupees but needs least human care for its growth. India is one among the only six countries and it is mainly found only in South India.
4) It is a high demanding small tree growing to 9 meters tall with a trunk 150 to 175 cm diameter. It is fast-growing when young reaching 6m tall in 3 years even on degraded soils. IL is not frosted tolerant. The leaves are alternate, 3 to 9 cm long. The flowers are lured in short racemes. The fruit is a pod 6 to 9 cm long containing one or two seeds. The Red Sandalwood has been historically valued in China who introduced classical Chinese furniture to the west. It has been one of the mainly period woods for millennia.
5) Demand for red sandalwood is mainly in the overseas market, said a trader and it comes mainly from countries like China, Japan, Myanmar and other others in East Asia. The red sandalwood has medical advantages. According to Institute of Wood Science & Technology the wood gives cooling effect when applied externally for inflammations head-ache, bilious affections and skin diseases and improves treating headache, skin diseases, fever, boils, scorpion sting and to improve sight. On the business side, it is a good raw material for music instruments and luxury furniture, according to Indian Journal of Applied Research. It also yields Santa line dye, which finds use in colouring foodstuff and pharmaceutical preparations and additionally, the extracts obtained from the tree bark and wood are known to have several medicinal properties, said the study by A Bhagyaraj, research scholar and D V Ramana, professor, Department of Management Studies, Sri Venkateswra University, Tirupati. Traders also said it is even used in shipbuilding and it was reported that its been used to reduce the radiation of Nuclear reactors
6) Red Sandalwood is very popular and costly Timber. The wood is famous for its aroma and growth. Red Sandalwood can be grown anywhere in India, can be planted in 10 x 10 feet spitting which yields 500 kg by 10 years Red Sandalwood for cache tree. The Red Sandalwood is of high demand in China, Korea, Singapore, Malaysia, Canada, USA, UK and Gulf countries.
1) White sandalwood is an evergreen tree. The oil from the wood and the wood are used as medicine. Don’t confuse white sandalwood with red sandalwood.
People use white sandalwood for the common cold, bronchitis, vaginalinfections, bladder infections, and many other conditions, but there is no good scientific evidence to support these uses.In food and beverages, white sandalwood is used as flavouring.In manufacturing, white sandalwood oil is used as a fragrance in soaps, cosmetics, and perfumes.
2) White sandalwood is a small tropical tree and the traditional source of sandalwood oil. It is native to southern India and Southeast Asia. Producing commercially valuable sandalwood with high levels of fragrance oils requires Indian sandalwood trees to be a minimum of 8-10 years old – the yield, quality and volume are still to be clearly understood. Yield of oil tends to vary depending on the age and location of the tree; usually, the older trees yield the highest oil content and quality.
3) The economic value of Santalum album L. arises from the oil present in heartwood of older age classes. However the value of the tree in terms of heartwood and oil content when grown outside its natural distribution range is not well known. Six girth classes of sandalwood trees were selected to estimate heartwood percent and oil yield for all the four locations viz. Assam (Diphu) and Karnataka. Core samples were taken at the level of breast height (1.76 m) using Haglof increment borer and oil content was estimated by simple hexane extract method. From the current study it was observed that the sample trees from all the locations showed heartwood initiation at the girth class 41-50 cm. More than 50% heartwood was noticed in the girth class of trees 51-60 cm and 70% heartwood in the girth class 71-80 cm and the oil content of these trees were around 1.5 to 3.0 %. Maximum oil content of 4% was noticed in the trees of girth class 91-100 cm. The rate of heartwood formation, trend of increase in heartwood and oil content percent from the Assam populations showed more or less similar pattern to the populations found in Karnataka. Key words: Assam, Heartwood, Karnataka, Oil content, Santalum album Journal of Bio resources.
4) Indian Sandalwood grows well under the rainfall conditions of 500-2000 mm and at the elevations of 600-1200 m. It can also grow beyond these ranges, but under high rainfall conditions the growth is rapid yet with heartwood formation being slow. Sandalwood is an evergreen tree which can grow upto a height of 20-25 meters and attain a girth of 1.5 to 2.5 81 C. Sandeep et al., 2016 Heartwood and oil content of Santalum album meters. It starts flowering two times in a year during March-April and September-October with seed production being good in September-October season. Certain trees flower once in a year and some twice in a year and the quantity of seed production from a tree may also vary from season to season. Distribution of East Indian sandalwood extends from 30o N to 40o S from Indonesia in the east to Juan Fernandez Islands (Chile) in the west and from Hawaiian Archipelago in the north to New Zealand to the south. Sandalwood although requires 82 good drainage and does not stand water logged ground, but the best growth of tree is on rich fairly moist soil as garden loam and well drained deep alluvia. um on the river banks.
Producing commercially valuable sandalwood with high levels of fragrance oils requires Indian sandalwood (S. album) trees to be a minimum of 15 years old – the yield, quality and volume are still to be clearly understood. Yield of oil tends to vary depending on the age and location of the tree; usually, the older trees yield the highest oil content and quality. Australia is the largest producer of S. album, with the majority grown around Kununurra, in the far north of the state by Quantise (formerly Tropical Forestry Services), which in 2017 controlled around 80 per cent of the world’s supply of Indian sandalwood,[5] and Santanol.[6] India used to be the world’s biggest producer, but it has been overtaken by Australia in the 21st century. Over-exploitation is partly to blame for the decline.[7][8]
Australian sandalwood (S. spectrum) is grown in commercial plantations throughout the wheat belt of Western Australia, where it has been an important part of the economy since colonial times. As of 2020 WA has the largest plantation resource in the world.[9]
Sandalwood is expensive compared to other types of woods, so to maximize profit, sandalwood is harvested by removing the entire tree instead of sawing it down at the trunk close to ground level. This way wood from the stump and root, which possesses high levels of sandalwood oil, can also be processed and sold.[10]
Australian sandalwood is mostly harvested and sold in log form, graded for heartwood content. The species is unique in that the white sapwood does not require removal before distilling the oil. The logs are either processed to distil the essential oil, or made into powders for making incense. Indian Sandalwood, used mainly for oil extraction, does require removal of the sapwood prior to distillation. As of 2020, Australian Sandalwood oil sells for around US$1,500 per 1 kilogram (2.2 lb), while Indian Sandalwood oil, due to its higher alpha santalol content, is priced at about US$2,500 per kg.[9]
Sandalwood is often cited as one of the most expensive woods in the world
Use of Sandal wood:: Sandalwood oil has a distinctive soft, warm, smooth, creamy, and milky precious-wood scent. It imparts a long-lasting, woody base to perfumes from the oriental, woody, forger, and chipper families, as well as a fixative to floral and citrus fragrances. When used in smaller proportions in a perfume, it acts as a fixative, enhancing the longevity of other, more volatile, materials in the composite. Sandalwood is also a key ingredient in the “floriental” (floral-ambary) fragrance family – when combined with white floral such as jasmine, ylang, gardenia, plumier, orange blossom, tuberose, etc.
Sandalwood oil in India is widely used in the cosmetic industry. The main source of true sandalwood, S. album, is a protected species, and demand for it cannot be met. Many species of plants are traded as “sandalwood”. The genus Santalum has more than 19 species. Traders often accept oil from closely related species, as well as from unrelated plants such as West Indian sandalwood (Amyris balsamifera) in the family Rutaceae or bastard sandalwood (Myoporum sandwicense, Myoporaceae). However, most woods from these alternative sources lose their aroma within a few months or years.
Isobornyl cyclohexanol is a synthetic fragrance chemical produced as an alternative to the natural product.
Sandalwood’s main components are the two isomers of santalol (about 75%). It is used in aromatherapy and to prepare soaps.[13]
1. Dragon fruit may look exotic, but its flavors are similar to other fruits. Its taste has been described as a slightly sweet cross between a kiwi and a pear. Dragon fruit is a tropical fruit native to Mexico and Central America. Its taste is like a combination of a kiwi and a pear.
2. What Is Dragon Fruit? Dragon fruit grows on the Hylocereus cactus, (The plant’s name comes from the Greek word “hyle,” which means “woody,” and the Latin word “cereus,” which means “waxen.” ) also known as the Honolulu queen, whose flowers only open at night Today, it is grown all over the world. It goes by many names, including pitaya, pitahaya, and strawberry pear. The two most common types have bright red skin with green scales that resemble a dragon — hence the name. The most widely available variety has white pulp with black seeds, though a less common type with red pulp and black seeds exists as well. Another variety — referred to as yellow dragon fruit — has yellow skin and white pulp with black seeds.
3. On the outside, the fruit has the appearance of a hot pink or yellow bulb with spike-like green leaves shooting up like flames around it. Cut it open, and you’ll find fleshy white stuff inside dotted with black seeds that are OK to eat. This fruit comes in red- and yellow-skinned varieties. The cactus originally grew in southern Mexico and South and Central America. The French brought it to Southeast Asia in the early 19th century. Central Americans call it “pitaya.” In Asia, it’s a “strawberry pear.” Today, you can buy dragon fruit throughout the U.S.Dragon fruit is juicy with a slightly sweet taste that some describe as a cross between a kiwi, a pear, and a watermelon. The seeds have a nutty flavor.
4. A recent estimate by Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Institute of Abiotic Stress Management, Baramati in Maharashtra found that dragon fruits are cultivated on 3,000-4,000 hectares in various states of India. The country produces approximately 12,000 tones of the fruit every year.
5. Climate for Dragon Fruit : One of the major merits of these crops is that it can grow in the extremes of temperature and the poorest of soils but is best suited for the tropical climate with an annual rainfall of 40-60 cm best suited for growth. Temperature ranging from 20°C- 30°C is considered best for the crop to grow.
6. Soil Requirement for Dragon Fruit :Dragon Fruit can be grown on almost any soils however Sandy soils that have good irrigation are generally preferred. The ph of
the soil should be between 5.5 to 6.5 for a good crop. Beds should be at least 40-50 cm high.
7. Planting :There are two methods of growing dragon fruit, the first is the use of seeds and the second is using a cutting from the plant sampling. Seeds take a time of three years before the plant is large enough to be used so farmers generally opt for the cutting method. The length of the sapling should be 20 cm and it should be cut from the mother plant and left in the shade for 5-7 days before being planted in the field While being planted the distance between the dragon fruit plants depends on whether the support used is vertical or horizontal. In vertical support, the distance between the plants should be 2-3 meter while in horizontal support the distance is reduced to almost 50 cm and allows for intensive farming. The vertical support should be between 1 to 1.20 meter high while the horizontal support should be between 1.40 to 1.60 meter for appropriate growth.
Pest Treatment for Dragon Fruit
8. The land should be treated with fertilizers in mounds. The fertilizers used should be 20-kilogram organic fertilizers 0.5 kilograms superphosphate and 1kg of NPK16-6-8 should be used per 50 postings before the actual plantings of dragon fruit plants. During the plantation stage, 50 grams of Urea combined with 50 grams of phosphate should be used three times a year during the first year.
Harvesting of Dragon Fruit
9. The fruit requires 27-30 days to fully grow. The fruit should be picked as soon it is fully grown as even a delay of 4-5 days can cause it to rot. The expected yield per hectare can vary from 10 to 30 hectares depending on the conditions and techniques used. The techniques of picking it are twisting it in a clockwise direction and plucking it.
10. Varieties of Dragon Fruit :There are several varieties of Dragon Fruit that are grown and the famous varieties are:-
(a) Hylocereus Undated: Also known as Pitahaya, the variety has a white flesh with pink skin. The fruit is 6-12 cm in length and 4-9 cm in thickness with edible black seeds.
(b) Hylocereus Polyrhizus: Also knows as Red Pitaya, it is recognised by its red flesh with its pink skin. It is native to Mexico but is now grown in many countries.
(c) Hylocereus Costaricencis: The variety is known for its violet red flesh and pink skin. It is also known as Costa Rican Pitaya as it is native to Costa Rica. The fruit is magenta and the seeds are pear-shaped.
(d) Hylocereus (Silencers) Megalanthus: This variety is native to South America and is characterized by its white flesh with yellow skin.
1. Teak wood is a dense, close-grained type of hardwood that is sourced from the Tectonagrandis tree, native to South and South-East Asia. Teak is originally golden in colour and has a smooth grain and texture.
2. Here are 10 interesting facts about teak wood, just in case you were wondering…
(a) Teak is the common name for the tropical hardwood tree species, Tectonagrandis, which grows to over 130 feet tall.
(b) Teak is native to South and South-East Asia, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand and Burma.
(c) Teak wood tends to be a golden or medium brown. Its color darkens over time.
(d) Teak is known for its incredible durability and water resistance.
(e) Teak has a high oil content, giving it the highest decay-resistance among all natural wood products.
(f) Teak is used for boat building, yachts, exterior construction, indoor and outdoor furniture, veneer, carvings, frames, and more.
(g) Teak doesn’t crack, wrap or turn black when in contact with metals.
(h) Teak is resistant to termites and other pests.
(j) Teak trees that are older, between 40 and 80 years old, provide the best wood.
(k) Teak — before it can be cut into lumber – must be dried for 1-2 years.
3. Teak is a large deciduous tree of the family Verbenaceae, or its wood, one of the most valuable timbers. Teak has been widely used in India for more than 2,000 years. The name teak is from the Malayalam word tēkka.
The tree has a straight but often buttressed stem (i.e. thickened at the base), a spreading crown, and four-sided branch-lets with large quadrangular pith. The leaves are opposite or sometimes whorled in young specimens, about 0.5 meter (1.5 feet) long and 23 cm (9 inches) wide. In shape they resemble those of the tobacco plant, but their substance is hard and the surface rough. The branches terminate in many small white flowers in large, erect, cross-branched panicles. The fruit is a drupe (fleshy, with a stony seed) 1.7 cm (two-thirds of an inch) in diameter. The bark of the stem is about 1.3 cm (half an inch) thick, gray or brownish gray, the sapwood white; the unseasoned heartwood has a pleasant and strong aromatic fragrance and a beautiful golden yellow color, which on seasoning darkens into brown, mottled with darker streaks. The timber retains its aromatic fragrance to a great age.
1. Gamari or White teak is a fast growing deciduous tall tree with branches attaining a height of 15-35 m. Young shoots are hairy. Bark is whitish and smooth, beautiful. The trunk can be 3-4 m in diameter. Gamari wood roots are characterized physically, chemically and morphologically. The α-cellulose content in gamari roots and stem was 37.0 and 43.2% and lignin content was 30.0 and 24.8%, respectively. Kraft pulping of gamari roots and stem was also carried out by varying operational parameter.
2. Pulping of Gamari Roots :Gamari is planted for pulpwood in allocated forestland in north east of India. After harvesting of pulpwood roots are burnt in the land for re-cultivation. But the root is similar to wood. This root can be a supporting raw material in the pulp mill as mills are facing challenge to collect raw material. No study has been reported on the physical, chemical and morphological characteristics and its pulping. In this paper, Gamari wood roots are characterized physically, chemically and morphologically. The α-cellulose content in Gamari roots and stem was 37.0 and 43.2% and lignin content was 30.0 and 24.8%, respectively. Kraft pulping of Gamari roots and stem was also carried out by varying operational parameter. Gamari root was difficult to delignify. A higher active alkali charge was required to delignify. Pulp yield was 37.8% for gamari roots and 44.2% for rubber stem with kappa number 33.1 and 21.4, respectively, at the active alkali charge of 20%. Without affecting pulp yield and kappa number 25% root could be mixed with wood chips. Papermaking properties mixed cooked pulp were close to wood chips pulp.
3. Scientific name: Gmelinaarborea :-
(a) Origin: It originated from greater parts of India, Sri Lanka and Myanmar. Best growth in eastern sub-Himalayan tract, moist areas of Himalayan tract in Bengal and Assam and also in drier areas of central India.
(b) Climate: Gamar survives upto a maximum temperature of 38°C to 48°C and in a minimum temperature of 30°F to over 60°F and needs a rainfall range of 750 mm to 4500 mm.
(c) Soil: Gamar tree prefers moist fertile valleys and also grows on dry sandy or poor soils.
(d) Silvicultural characters: A light demander and doesn’t stand bed drainage, moderately frost hardy and has good power of recovering and doesn’t stand excessive drought. It coppices very well and root suckers not observed.
(e) Method of planting: Six month old seedlings are planted out with the ball of earth round the root portion of the seedlings and planting with root and shoot cutting has also been very successful. Weeding necessary in the first year only and stripping of leaves and branches in first cold weather seems helpful.
(f) Plant Protection: Squirrels pick up and eat seeds after sowing. In first two years browsing and girdling by deer is prevented by fencing.
(g) Uses: Wood is yellowish or grayish white, even-grained, soft-light and strong, seasons well without warping and cracking and is very useful in paneling, carriages, furniture, boxes and carpentry of all kinds. It has been pronounced very good even for match manufacture and also for plywood.
TestTesr |
SL NO |
PRODUCTS NAME |
PRODUCTS PICTURE |
PRICE FOR PER UNIT |
1) |
GAMARI WOOD |
Rs. 1000/- | |
2) |
TEAK WOOD |
Rs. 1000/- |
|
3) |
DRAGON FOOD |
Rs. 1300/- |
|
4) |
WHITE CHANDAN | Rs. 1500/- | |
5) |
WHITE SANDALWOOD |
Rs. 1500/- |
|
6) | RED SANDAL WOOD |
Rs. |
|
7) |
APPLE PLUM | Rs. 1490/- | |
8) | AGORWOOD |
Rs. 1000/- |
|
9) |
TAMUL PLANT | Rs. 1200/- | |
10) | SHIVSANKAR SONA |
Rs. 200/- |
|
11) |
BATTLE NUT |
Rs. |
|